THORACIC HYPERKYPHOSIS

Etiology: Poor posture, Scheuermann's disease, osteoporotic fractures

Radiographic: Exceeds 40°-45° sagittal balance

Biomechanics: Altered sagittal balance

Clinical consequences: Mid-back pain, decreased pulmonary volume

.                     ADULT SPINAL DEFORMITY

Common types: Adult scoliosis, sagittal imbalance

Etiology: Disc degeneration, trauma

Biomechanics: Coronal or multiplanar imbalance

Clinical consequences: Multiregional pain, nerve compression

                 Why It Matters:

Ignoring these conditions can lead to progressive degeneration, nerve compression, and reduced quality of life.